Doppelganger

Doppelganger In doppelganger the main protagonist Andrew has a crisis of identity. Who is he? Is he the good boy, he describes himself in chapter 6 as a â€Å"G gated kid in an X rated world†. Andrew is in fact an assessory (assistant) to the crime; under the law he would be considered guilty or culpable. This means that he has responsibly for crimes that he knows about and lets happen. When Josh bullies the year seen boy unnecessarily and Andrew allows it to happen when he could intervene Andrew is also guilty. Andrew did not intervene when josh destroyed the religion teacher’s personal photo.Andrew did not intervene when josh bashed and robbed the pizza delivery boy. Andrew allowed josh to drug him with beer and whiskey, which enables josh to seduce Melanie. Throughout the book Andrew continues to allow both Josh’s to control him and to manipulate and to deceive many people. In the alternate world bad Josh has more power because in that universe/parallel world there are fewer controls on peoples beastliness. Andrew watches as Josh randomly attacks a teenager at Kings Cross, smashing his face in with knuckle-dusters, bad Josh called that an ‘announcement’ of the HallBoys.My Josh said the same thing when he bashed the year 7 boy at school. He has said that it was also an announcement to watch out. Both joshes use violence and intimidation and emotional manipulation to control people. Josh uses Andrew, he calls him ‘buddy’, and he invites him to things like the party and holidays. Josh puts on a mask on concern and interest for Andrews life; but actually uses him for his own game. In this way Josh is similar to Carl Denham. Bad Josh is significantly more violent. It is through understanding the violence of bad Josh that Andrew begins to take responsibility for his own actions.Andrew starts to plan how he can stop bad Josh from killing many more people when he attacks the inner station. This results in Andrews attemp t to kill ‘My Josh’ through drugging his beer/stout. Symbols/ Motifs of Decay †¢Used condoms †¢Random sex †¢Decaying building and streets/broken windows †¢Rubbish †¢Overcoats, great coats, army gear †¢Cleanliness, dirt †¢Food †¢Violence as a means of control †¢Reading as an escape and knowledge †¢Knowledge as power †¢Religion as a means of control †¢Self control †¢The beast within There is two types of masks, the ones we are conscious of and the ones that we are unaware of.

The Macroeconomic Perspectives of David Ricardo, Karl Marx

The Macroeconomic Perspectives of David Ricardo, Karl Marx, and John Stuart Mill ECON 350 19 November 2012 Abstract The author surveys three influential economists of the Classical era—Ricardo, Marx, and John Stuart Mill—and introduces the reader to their Macroeconomic perspectives based on some of their more prominent Macroeconomic theories. David Ricardo David Ricardo was a Classical Economist who lived from 1772 to 1823.In his professional life he wore many hats: he was a businessman, a financer, a speculator, and a member of Parliament. But what he is most remembered for is the role that he played in the evolution of economic theory, alongside of such other greats as John Stuart Mill and Thomas Malthus, among others. In examining the economic theories which he espoused it is interesting to consider the part that his above-mentioned professions played in influencing his positions.Through his experience as a businessman was undoubtedly able to gain insights into the w orkings of industry; through his experiences as a financer and a speculator he gleaned invaluable insights into the workings of the financial system; and through his experiences as a member of Parliament he no doubt acquired insights into the workings of government and politics that does much to add credibility to many of his economic expostulations. Although he worked diligently in the fields of both Macro- and Micro-economics we will be focusing here primarily on some of his more distinguishing Macroeconomic contributions.The principals within this field of economics which we will be focusing on in particular are: The Law of Comparative Advantage, Comparative Statics, International Money Movement, and Deficit Spending. The principal which is arguably the most important and enduring contribution that David Ricardo ever made to the field of Economics is The Law of Comparative Advantage, also known as The Law of Comparative Cost. This was a principal that was originally developed by Adam Smith in his renowned work entitled â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. However, although Adam Smith first developed this principal it was David Ricardo who refined it and thus he is deserving of credit for his part in the formation of this economic principal. The Law of Comparative Advantage was first mentioned by Ricardo in his work entitled â€Å"On the Principals of Political Economy and Taxation. † It is based in â€Å"specialization. † and is a â€Å"law† which we see operating all around us in present times. Basically this law takes one of Adam Smith’s observations–that specialized units within a manufacturing process leads to increased efficiency—and applies it on an international scale.Adam Smith’s observation was that when manufacturing a particular type of item, if each worker present were to work on an item from start to finish they would be inefficient and slow and would not be able to produce nearly as much of the items as would a factory of workers who were separated into specialized units, each unit having the responsibility of completing one of the processes necessary for manufacturing the particular item. Ricardo took this one step further and applied it on a macro level.He noted that different countries, for various reasons, have specific goods that they are particularly adept at producing. He further noted that if countries had to provide for all of their needs internally then they would be unable to focus their attention on the things that they did particularly well. On the other hand, if each country were able to focus on producing the things that they did well then they could produce exponentially more of them and could trade amongst each other for the things that they needed but did not produce internally.Also, he took the Opportunity Cost into account and noted that even if one country did everything better than another it would still be practical for the lesser country to manufacture items for the greater country since the greater country would see the highest returns if they focused their time, money, and energy on the things that they did particularly well. This was actually quite a big deal during Ricardo’s since Protectionist policies were hindering free trade, which Ricardo was a proponent of as can be seen from his Law of Comparative Advantage.One of Ricardo’s first interactions in the economic dialogue of his time was based around the Quantity Theory of Money. At the time there was something going on in Britain that would come to be known as the â€Å"Bullion Controversy†. Basically, as a result of a potential war the British government temporarily suspended the obligation of the Bank of England to convert its notes into gold. During this time agricultural prices rose (which some people attributes to poor harvests) and gold prices went up. It is on this second point that Ricardo chimed in. Ricardo argued that the rise in gold prices was actually the result of inflation.According to him, since the bank wasn’t obligated to exchange their notes for gold they were printing more notes than they had gold to back them. This flood of currency, Ricardo said, was creating an excess supply which was devaluing the currency and thus causing inflation (Laidler, p. 12). Karl Marx Karl Marx is probably best known for the work that he co-authored with Fredrick Engels entitled â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† and also for his work entitled â€Å"Capital. † He is also arguably one of the most well-known of the Classical Economists, or of any group of economists for that matter.In addition to being an economist he is also renowned for his work in the fields of philosophy, sociology, history, and journalism. Karl Marx was a staunch Socialist and the vast majority of his contributions to the field of economics revolved around a singular event that he believed would inevitably o ccur sometime in the future and would bring about the fall of Capitalism, replacing it instead with a Socialist society that would eventually evolve through natural means into a Communist society. Marx saw society as segregated units of distinct classes.In his mind there was a constant struggle going on between these classes as a direct result of one class having dominance over the other. The two classes that he was particularly concerned with were the Proletariat and the Bourgeoisie. The Bourgeoisie were representative of the wealthy Capitalists—this included factory owners, entrepreneurs, and the like. In other words the Bourgeoisie was composed of those individuals who were able to create great wealth for themselves as a direct result of the Capitalist system. Aristocracy and the like were not included as among the Bourgeoisie.The Proletariat on the other hand were those individuals who worked in the factories, et cetera, of the Bourgeoisie. These were the blue collar work ers of their time and the lower class members of society. In Marx’s opinion the Bourgeoisie had taken advantage of the Proletariat by making themselves wealthy off of the labor of this oppressed class. Furthermore Marx felt that the base nature of the work that the Proletariat was given to do was stifling. Last and worst of all Marx felt that these workers were not being fairly compensated for their work.What we now call Recessions and Depressions Marx referred to as â€Å"Crises. † He felt that these Crises were the direct result of disproportionalities in the Law of Supply and Demand. According to Marx the amounts of items supplied to markets and the amounts demanded were in a constant state of tension because they were always seeking to achieve equilibrium but could never quite do so. Since this often led to more of an item being supplied than was demanded by the market, the market became flooded and the item’s price would drop significantly.Businesses in the ir current state could not survive off of these minimal returns, and workers ultimately suffered as a result. Marx believed that workers were not paid adequately during good times to compensate for these Crises, whereas the Bourgeoisie ultimately became wealthy despite these Crises. Marx did not blame the Bourgeoisie but instead saw them merely as a product of their environment. He did, however, feel that this environment which ran according to the tenets of Capitalism was inherently flawed.Marx believed that the Proletariat would eventually revolt against this flawed system and would take manufacturing into their own hands. At first a Socialist form of government would be set up and would be run by what Marx referred as the â€Å"Dictatorship of the Proletariat. † This would only be a temporary institution however and it would eventually become obsolete and dissolve naturally and from that time on Communism would be the sole system that would guide the economy, government, a nd society as a whole.John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill was born in England and lived between 1806 and 1873. He was both an accomplished philosopher and economist and is recognized as one of the greatest thinkers of his time. His father, James Mill, was a respected philosopher, economist, and political theorist. James Mill was also a contemporary and close friend of David Ricardo and was influential in the Classical Economics movement of his time.Because of James Mill’s intellectual circle of friends, and also because of his strict tutelage, John Stuart Mill was, from a very young age, privy to much of the political, philosophical, and economic discussions and arguments of his day. Because of the influence of his father and also because of his close acquaintance with David Ricardo and others in his father’s circle, he would continue to hold to and defend many of their opinions and precepts throughout the course of his life. John Stuart Mill was also a contemporary of K arl Marx although Mill was apparently unaware of who Marx was.Although Mill wrote volumes of literature on the topic of economics during the course of his lifetime, there is one particular topic that seems to be especially relevant in shaping an understanding of his macroeconomic perspective and so it is on this topic that we will focus our attention. Thomas Stowell tells us in his book entitled â€Å"On Classical Economics† that â€Å"the three major controversies in economics during John Stuart Mill’s lifetime were disputes over Say’s Law, the Malthusian overpopulation theory, and the theory of value (p. 134). The first is a macroeconomic concern whereas the second and third fall under the banner of microeconomics. Therefore it is on this topic that we will now focus our attention: Say’s Law, also known as the Law of Market, was founded on the presumption that money is used solely as a means of initiating transactions and that in the end transactions u ltimately consist of one commodity being traded for another. Say believed that producers are eager to get rid of their products because of price fluctuation which could cause their devaluation and because an unsold product produces no return on investment.Say also believed that producers were equally eager to get rid of the money they acquired through transactions because money’s value fluctuates as well. In order to get rid of money it must be traded for some product or service and thus through this cycle economic growth is created. Say believed that â€Å"gluts† occurred when too much of one product was created, thus flooding the market. This, the law states leads to a loss of revenue for the producer, who in turn consumes less due to this loss of revenue.Because of this lowered consumption there is an overall reduction in demand in the economy as a whole. This reduced demand leads to unemployment and recessionary conditions. It should be noted however that these con sequences ultimately result not from an inadequate supply of money with which to purchase goods, but from markets supplying more of one particular product than is desired and not enough of others. John Stuart mill was a huge proponent of Say’s Law although he did appear to alter some parts of it slightly throughout the course of his life. ReferencesBalassa, Bela A. (1959). John Stuart Mill and the Law of Markets. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 73, No. 2. Balassa, Bela A. (1959). Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv. Bordo, Michael D. ; Schwartz, Anna J. (1984). A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1821-1931. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, IL. Brandis, Royall. (1985). Marx or Keynes? Marx and Keynes. Journal of Economic Issues. Vol. 19, No. 3. Campbell, Martha. (1997). Marx and Keynes on Money. International Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 27, No. 3 Davis,Timothy. 2005). Ricardo’s Macroeconomics: Money, Trade Cycles, and Growth. Cambridge University Press. New York, NY. Laidler, David. (2000). Highlights of The Bullionist Controversy. Retrieved from http://economics. uwo. ca/faculty/laidler/workingpapers/highlightsof. pdf. Lutz, Mark A. (1979). The Limitations of Karl Marx’s Social Economics. Review of Social Economy. Vol. 37, No. 3. Sowell, Thomas. (1974). Classical Economics Reconsidered. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ. Sowell,Thomas. (2006). On Classical Economics. Yale University Press. New Haven, Conn.

Free Market Economics vs. Command Economies

Imagine a country where the goods and services that are produced are based on the market. The market decides who gets them and how the economy grows. This is called a Free Market which is also known as Capitalism. In capitalistic countries citizens have sole ownership of their land or businesses. Profit is the motivating factor in this economy. The citizens are more willing to work due to the retention of profits from their businesses. Corporations are able to issue bonuses and rewards for those with high productivity. Businesses can establish themselves or trade with other nations for more profit. There is limited government input in a free market economy. Businesses compete with each other giving the consumer a wide variety of goods and services at a low competitive price. The market is determined by supply and demand. The citizens in a free market have the ability to elect officials into office that they feel would make a difference. They have freedom of speech, religion and press. They have the rights that were governed by the United States Constitution. In a command economy the government decides the goods and services that are produced, who gets them and how it will affect the economy. Socialism and Communism are both variations of this economy. Socialism is a medium between a free market and a communism economy. The major businesses are owned by the public while small businesses are still private. In this economy the Government will control health care, education, media and transportation. The private owned companies can still motivate their workers by providing monetary incentives and are provoked by profit. The public companies however are monitored by the government and therefore have limited incentives. Trading with nations in the socialistic economy has a lot of restrictions. The government even controls who goes to college. A communist economy the government controls almost ever aspect of the market and civilian freedoms. All businesses are publically owned. The markets are controlled by the government fully and there is very little choice for consumers. Citizens do not have freedom of speech, religion, and press. The two economies are completely different from each other. Either the government has the reigns in a command economy or the people do in the free market. North Korea is an example of a communist country. The people have very little rights and the government makes all the decisions. The United States is an example of a free market economy, were the people control the market and their choices, the government has very little input. Lastly Sweden is an example of a socialist country were the government has more input then the people, but the citizens still have some choice. Nickels, W. , McHugh, J. , & Mchugh, S. (2010). Understanding Business. (9th ed) Avenue of Americas, New York: The Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

How the Internet has aided criminal activity Essay

How the Internet has aided criminal activity - Essay Example codes; the creation of false bank accounts; theft of personal information and misuse of the stolen information; the virus infection created on computers that can hamper the proper software operations and damage records (Computer-Based Crime, 2011). This paper will give specific examples of criminal activities through the use of computers and the internet; will cite how yesterday’s non-digital crime, as in the case of pornography, has become today’s menacing digital crime; and will discuss some types of computer crimes, such as identity theft, phishing scam, virus and malicious software. September 11 Attack. The execution of the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center, which claimed an estimated 3, 120 lives from over 90 countries around the world, (US Department of State, 2002), is a form of cyberterrorism. Cyberterrorism is the unauthorized attack and risk against computers, networks, and the stored information purposely executed to threaten or force a government, a nation or its people to advance one’s political or social intentions. Cyberterrorist attacks demonstrate power and aggressively threaten or harm persons or property (Denning, 2000). Juvenile Computer Hacker Disabled FAA Tower at Regional Airport. In Boston, Massachusetts, a juvenile hacked the computer system of a telephone company servicing the Worcester Airport. A series of commands sent from the hacker’s computer immobilized the FAA control tower for six hours in March 1997 (US Department of Justice, 1998). Release of Computer Worm Attacked Microsoft Corporation. In September 2003, a juvenile was arrested for releasing a variant of the Blaster computer worm that directly infected computers worldwide to commence a distributed denial of service attack against the Microsoft Corporation (US Department of Justice, 2003). More than four decades ago, open, unusual or violent pornography was restricted to adult bookstores and movie houses. It could be only be viewed and circulated in

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Summary - Assignment Example Resultantly, the author concluded that the ICT can be incorporated in the Etsako to optimize profits and to increase business efficiency. Three recommendations were proposed in this study. First, hospitality stakeholders should create awareness on the need for organizations to deploy ICT in their operations as a strategy to achieve effectiveness. Also, Hospitality organizations need to equip their employees with ICT skills through the launch of effective training programs. Finally, the ICT related workshops and seminars should be organized for hospitality proprietors and managers to get them acquainted with the significance of ICT in hospital operations. Dana (2013) conducted a statistical research with the primary objective of establishing the role of information technology in the hospitality industry. His research focused on the grouping manner of hotels in Mures County according to the use of ICT technology and the typological analysis of hotels in line with the IT. Interviews were conducted to collect data for the purpose of the research. The following hypotheses were generated and tested for the purpose of this research: After testing the research analysis, all the hypotheses of the study were reaffirmed. The main conclusion of the research was that in Mures County, the hotel industry has integrated little IT technology within their business framework. For those organizations that have incorporated ICT in the business framework, it is clear that this technology goes way far in contributing to the organizational profits. In this view, the author recommends that the hotel managers integrate IT into their business framework. For large organizations, Dana suggests that they adopt the use of professional software to improve their data management system. Lastly, the research recommends that more information technology awareness be created to facilitate its integration in the hospitality industry as a strategy to optimize organizational

Change in the Locus Standi Rules in an Action for Annulment of Research Paper

Change in the Locus Standi Rules in an Action for Annulment of Community Measures - Research Paper Example On the basis of Article 230 EC, individuals and other private parties will always retain the jurisdiction to challenge decisions addressed to them. As far as the claims of Jacques St Malo, Pierre St Michel, and Sainsbury's Supermarkets are concerned they will be subject to the limitation of this principle which is the personal interest principle. Furthermore this "personal interest" will only be held to exist where the annulment of the act can produce legal effects for these applicants.1 Private parties do not have the standing to act in the interest of the law or of the Community in general. Private parties like the ones mentioned above, therefore, can also challenge decisions addressed to other persons, as well as regulations or other general legislative acts. However, they can only do this when they can show that these are of 'direct and individual concern' to them. The Court of Justice has interpreted the concept of 'direct concern' to mean that a direct causality must exist between the act that is challenged and the legal situation of the individual challenging that act.4 A measure will be of direct concern if it affects th e legal position of the defendant/applicant directly and leaves no discretion to the addressees of the measure who are responsible for its implementation. Such an implementation has to be automatic and a result of Community rules without the application of other intermediate rules. For determining individual concern, the case Plaumann v. Commission7was a seminal one and gave judicial review a rather restricted application in the Court of Justice8 where the court defined applicants as individually concerned if the decision or act "'affects them by reason of certain attributes which are peculiar to them or by reason of circumstances in which they are differentiated from all other persons and by virtue of these factors distinguishes them individually (para 107)

The Impact of Social Awareness in Reducing Energy Consumption Term Paper

The Impact of Social Awareness in Reducing Energy Consumption - Term Paper Example In this case, it is for the sake of future`s time. The methodology used in this study is internet research in which the writer browses information and pictures that are needed to complete the study. As a result, it can be concluded that building social awareness through many ways like television advertisements to social networks usage can be maximum campaign to achieve the purpose. In this case, how to make a better future by reducing the use of energy consumption. Table of Contents Acknowledgement .....................................................................................................................2 Abstract......................................................................................................................................3 Table of Contents....................................................................................................................4-5 Introduction.................................................................................. ..............................................6 1.The Continuous Growth of Energy Consumption in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia....................7 1.1.Background: Problems of Energy Sustainability........................................................7-8 1.2.The Continuous Growth of Population..........................................................................9 1.3. Dependence to Light Bulbs on Decoration..............................................................9-10 1.4. The Unnecessary Over Use of Electricity...................................................................10 1.5. Lack of People Awareness..........................................................................................11 2. Developing Social... This study aims at analysing the facts happen in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia about its use of energy consumption. It has been found that the trend of the use has increased as time goes by. The energy that has become main concerns are oil, gas and electricity. According to the paper findings as there are matters occur after the trend of using energy increases, the writer decides to enlighten the readers with solutions of building social awareness to reduce the energy consumption. The purpose of this study is to remind people that it is crucial to minimize the consumption of energy. In this case, it is for the sake of future`s time. The methodology used in this study is internet research in which the writer browses information and pictures that are needed to complete the study. As a result, it can be concluded that building social awareness through many ways like television advertisements to social networks usage can be maximum campaign to achieve the purpose. In this case, how to make a better future by reducing the use of energy consumption. Energy is one of the factors of the movements in this life. Many aspects need energy in order to survive; a life without energy could be terrible situation especially to our modern society. Can you im agine several conditions such as; offices and houses without electricity, daily activities without transportation facilities, There are no planes or ships to reach other cities and countries, cellular phones without battery, or even no energy to support internet connection.

A Contemporary Artist From The Art 21 PBS Web Site Assignment

A Contemporary Artist From The Art 21 PBS Web Site - Assignment Example The essay "A Contemporary Artist From The Art 21 PBS Web Site" discovers the Contemporary Artist in Art 21. The episodes produced in each season have different types of theme like spirituality, identity, power, and humor among others. Some of the contemporary artists featured include Sally Mann, Kerry James, and Mel Chin among others. The first season of Art21 was premiered in 2001 its seasons being produced in every two years and has been able to spread in more than fifty countries. In this context we will cover season six which is the current one in 2012 in which Ai Weiwei was interviewed. He is known to be an outspoken activist of human rights and in this episode he was featured in the theme of change. His art included photographs, sculptures and also public artworks which were about politics. . Ai Weiwei is a Chinese contemporary artist born on 18th May 1957 in Beijing, China. He is one of the founders of Avant-garde art in 1978 to which the group disbanded in 1983 (Ai, 2011). He lived in United States, New York from 1981 to 1993 and studied at Parsons School of Design and also at the Art Student League of New York. He later returned to China and published three books on the new generation of artists. Ai Weiwei received a doctorate from the University of Ghent, Belgium from the faculty of Politics and Social science in 2010.He was arrested in 2011 and detained for three months without any official charges filed against him. He has received many awards which include Skowhegan medal in 2011.

Developing a technology model for a social entrepreneur case that you Research Paper

Developing a technology model for a social entrepreneur case that you can pick - Research Paper Example First factor addresses the social problems or needs by approaching some innovative ideas and techniques. Second factor addresses significant awareness and efforts towards balancing responsibility in the best interest of stakeholders. The main aim of social entrepreneurship is to achieve social and environmental goals by working for the welfare of society. On the other hand, the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is based on entrepreneurs. The term â€Å"social entrepreneurs† is accredited to the class of people who recognise the social difficulties and try to solve them with the help of primary entrepreneurship approaches. In present world, there are many organizations that are using social entrepreneurship models for the welfare of human being. Social entrepreneurs come in many types ranging from large non-profits to single-person causes. They also come in differing orientations such as non-profit or profit making organizations. (examples) The essence of any social entrepreneurial venture is to solve a problem or cater to a need in the society. Social entrepreneurs all over the world use different ways to solve the problems that concern our society such as poverty, illiteracy, and pollution. The use of technology in this cause has been able to develop some excellent business models and social development ventures. Technology entrepreneurship (or Technopreneurship, as commonly called today) and social innovation make an excellent combination for the development of the world. Many small, medium or large social ventures have sprouted up which use technology to solve the problems. With the help of PCs, notebooks, PDA, mobile phone devices, GPS, and wireless technologies, entrepreneurs find it easy to come up with innovative and cost effective solutions. One such venture is â€Å"Engineers without borders† which we will study in this paper to see how they add value through technology to their target market and society in general. â€Å"Engineers without

Kidney Stones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kidney Stones - Essay Example Men, on the other hand, tend to have complications when passing stones, making their condition known to them. Kidney stones are among many medical conditions that do not have a single, definite cause. Though multiple risk factors have been determined, it has been decided that each individual produces kidney stones for reasons that are specific to the individual body. However, it is understood that kidney stones develop as a result of an excess of calcium, oxalate, and uric acid, which is more than the fluid in the urine can dilute. This causes the urine to become too concentrated. The science behind why excess amounts of these minerals form into kidney stones continues to be researched. The risk factors behind the prevalence of kidney stones include a family history of kidney stones, being an adult, being male, obesity, dehydration, diets high in protein or sodium, and other digestive diseases. Since there are different ways for an individual to form kidney stones, different types of kidney stones have been recognized. Calcium stones form as a result of too much calcium oxalate in the body. This substance is common in many food products and is created regularly by the liver, making calcium stones the most common type of kidney stone (McAninch, 2013). Struvite stones form as the result of an infection in the urinary tract, and tend to be among the largest of kidney stones. Uric acid stones form as a result of an individual not drinking enough fluids or else lose too much fluids, causing the urine to consist primarily of minerals but very little fluid. Cystine stones are caused by a hereditary condition during which the kidneys excrete excessive amounts of the amino acid cystinuria. Regardless of the type or cause of the kidney stones, the symptoms are the same. In most cases, especially among women, a kidney stone does not prompt noticeable symptoms until the stone moves around within the kidney or passes through the ureter, which is the tube that connects the k idney to the bladder. The symptoms associated with the movement and passing of the kidney stone include severe pain below the ribs, pain in the groin and lower abdomen, pain during urination, blood in the urine, foul-smelling or cloudy urine, and frequent urination. If there is an infection that has caused a kidney stone to form, the individual may also experience fever, chills, and nausea. The symptoms of a kidney stone may intensify if the kidney stone shifts in location, such as its movement along the urinary tract. Kidney stones are treated based on what type of stone they are, their size, and where they are located within the body. If the individual has a smaller stone, they are often able to pass it without invasive treatment. In most cases, drinking large quantities of water can help to flush the urinary system, allowing the stone to pass, and over-the-counter pain relievers can decrease the intensity of pain associated with passing stones, especially for men. When needed, me dical therapy is also available in the form of an alpha blocker, which relaxes the ureter muscles (Rose & Post, 2001) and makes passing the kidney stone easier and less painful. When a stone is too large to pass or threatens to cause damage to the kidney or urinary tract, it may be broken up with a procedure known as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, which involves using sound waves to create shock waves that

LOGBOOK Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LOGBOOK - Coursework Example The material was a full two paragraphs and it was written very well that I wished to impress my lecturer. All I did was copy and paste the work into my paper. I also changed the font so it could match with the rest of the report and continued my research. Reaction and Analysis A week later after submission, some students were called by the professor to his front and I was perplexed to hear my name. While standing in front of the class, the professor called us thieves who were lazy. On top of that, he failed us and we had to redo the paper once again. He explained about plagiarism. He stated it as a lazy way of stealing other peoples’ ideas. He explained that when u use somebody else’s’ work directly through copy and paste, that is the worst crime that anyone can commit. I did not know about plagiarism before but I do now and it was a lesson well learnt Log 2 Location: Kuwait Date: 23rd January, 2009 Occupation Student Overview A new migrant to the UK, I took time to make friends at school. My self esteem was affected as I went into a state of denial and withdrew myself from everyone considering that the mode of dressing and way of communicating was in the UK was not what I was used to. Reaction/observation I felt that UK residents were harsh whenever my new friends said straight no’s to some of my suggestions. Some students discriminated against me.

Importance of Management Essay Example for Free

Importance of Management Essay Management  is a universal phenomenon. It is a very popular and widely used term. All organizations business, political, cultural or social are involved in management because it is the management which helps and directs the various efforts towards a definite purpose. According to  Harold Koontz, â€Å"Management is an art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups. It is an art of creating an environment in which people can perform and individuals and can co-operate towards attainment of group goals†. According to  F. W. Taylor, â€Å"Management is an art of knowing what to do, when to do and see that it is done in the best and cheapest way†. Management is a purposive activity. It is something that directs group efforts towards the attainment of certain pre determined goals. It is the process of working with and through others to effectively achieve the goals of the organization, by efficiently using limited resources in the changing world. Of course, these goals may vary from one enterprise to another. E. g. : For one enterprise it may be launching of new products by conducting market surveys and for other it may be profit maximization by minimizing cost. Management involves creating an internal environment: It is the management which puts into use the various factors of production. Therefore, it is the responsibility of management to create such conditions which are conducive to maximum efforts so that people are able to perform their task efficiently and effectively. It includes ensuring availability of raw materials, determination of wages and salaries, formulation of rules amp; regulations etc. Therefore, we can say that good management includes both being effective and efficient. Being effective means doing the appropriate task i. , fitting the square pegs in square holes and round pegs in round holes. Being efficient means doing the task correctly, at least possible cost with minimum wastage of resources. Management can be defined in detail in following categories : Management as a  Process Management as an  Activity Management as a  Discipline Management as a  Group Management as a  Science Management as an  Art Management as a  Profession 1. It helps in Achieving Group Goals   It arranges the factors of production, assembles and organizes the resources, integrates the resources in effective manner to achieve goals. It directs group efforts towards achievement of pre-determined goals. By defining objective of organization clearly there would be no wastage of time, money and effort. Management converts disorganized resources of men, machines, money etc. into useful enterprise. These resources are coordinated, directed and controlled in such a manner that enterprise work towards attainment of goals. 2. Optimum Utilization of Resources   Management utilizes all the physical amp; human resources productively. This leads to efficacy in management. Management provides maximum utilization of scarce resources by selecting its best possible alternate use in industry from out of various uses. It makes use of experts, professional and these services leads to use of their skills, knowledge, and proper utilization and avoids wastage. If employees and machines are producing its maximum there is no under employment of any resources. 3. Reduces Costs   It gets maximum results through minimum input by proper planning and by using minimum input amp; getting maximum output. Management uses physical, human and financial resources in such a manner which results in best combination. This helps in cost reduction. 4. Establishes Sound Organization   No overlapping of efforts (smooth and coordinated functions). To establish sound organizational structure is one of the objective of management which is in tune with objective of organization and for fulfillment of this, it establishes effective authority amp; responsibility relationship i. e. who is accountable to whom, who can give instructions to whom, who are superiors amp; who are subordinates. Management fills up various positions with right persons, having right skills, training and qualification. All jobs should be cleared to everyone. 5. Establishes Equilibrium   It enables the organization to survive in changing environment. It keeps in touch with the changing environment. With the change is external environment, the initial co-ordination of organization must be changed. So it adapts organization to changing demand of market / changing needs of societies. It is responsible for growth and survival of organization. 6. Essentials for Prosperity of Society   Efficient management leads to better economical production which helps in turn to increase the welfare of people. Good management makes a difficult task easier by avoiding wastage of scarce resource. It improves standard of living. It increases the profit which is beneficial to business and society will get maximum output at minimum cost by creating employment opportunities which generate income in hands. Organization comes with new products and researches beneficial for society. What is the Importance of Management in Business? â€Å"Some underestimate the importance of management in business but the latest researches have shown that it is certainly not the case. The input of the labor, capital and raw materials can never become production without the catalyst of management. A business cannot survive without management because management is its means of support. Management is concerned with acquiring maximum prosperity with minimum efforts. Management is essential wherever group efforts are required to be directed towards achievements of common goals. In this management conscious age, the significance of management can hardly be over emphasized. It is said that any thing minus management amounts to nothing. There is no more important area of human activity than management since its task is that of getting things done through others. Some underestimate the importance of management in business but the latest researches have shown that it is certainly not the case. The input of the labor, capital and raw materials can never become production without the catalyst of management. Management is a dynamic life-giving element in an organization. In its absence, the resources of production remain underutilized and can never become production. In fact, without efficient management, no country can become a nation. Business is basically a group activity and management plays an important role in making it more effective. The group as a whole cannot realize its objectives unless and until there is mutual cooperation and coordination among the members of the groups. Management creates teamwork and team spirit in an organization by developing a sound organizational structure. It brings the human and material resources together and motivates the people for the achievement of goals. The available resources of production are put to use in such a way that all sort of wastages and inefficiencies are reduced to a minimum. If the managers in any business are not considerate and good at their job, nothing worthwhile can be expected of the subordinates. The motivation level of the employees is directly related to good management. Management creates and maintains an environment conducive to higher efficiency and performance. A business enterprise operates in a constantly changing environment. Changes in the business environment create risk and also provide opportunities for growth. A conducive and encouraging environment is indispensable for any business and sound management makes it possible easily. Negative Aspects of Technology Introduction The history of technology is as old as human life. This is because the usage of technology came into existence when the humans existed. Technology had a great progress since ages that is from mastery of fire by man to computers, rockets, electronics etc which shows the 21st century achievements. The technologies that evolved in the past and even now made our lives comfortable. People are totally dependent on technology. Technology helps in speedy development and changes. According to a dictionary the definition of technology is given as â€Å"the sum of the ways in which social groups provide themselves with the material objects of their civilization. (Technology, 2012). This shows that technology usage has become as part of our life. These technologies include computers, cell phones, emails, video conferencing and even the basic things like microwave oven and fridge. Technology has become important in every aspect of our life. It changed our way of life in both positive and negative ways. Over past decade, there are many new techno logies that have evolved and there is much advancement in the existing technologies. Technology separates individuals from reality. Problem The advancements in technologies have made our lives comfortable but there is a great negative impact of the technology in our lives. There are many factors that supports that technology has adverse effects on society. Technology is not always green. While new and rapidly advancing knowledge will surely become a dominant force shaping the future of mankind, experts tells that advancing technology always brings side effects. This is because humans modify nature to meet their needs and wants. So scientists feel that the development of technology is causing harm to the environment. Technologys Negative Impact on Business Technology has positive affects on global business. The Internet makes it possible for people to communicate easily with associates in other countries. Ecommerce makes it possible for consumers to purchase almost anything from almost anywhere. And the flow of information is fast and often free once you have paid for Internet access. However, technology also has negative impacts on business. Business Relationships Internet technology such as chat rooms, Skype and other software has made it possible to hold meetings without all parties being physically present in the same place. A drawback is that meeting with somebody over the Internet is much less personal than meeting face-to-face. Internet technology in business decreases the personal aspect of business relationships. Business people used to network in restaurants and on golf courses. Today, the lack of physical proximity decreases brainstorming and other communications that use a personal touch. Employee Morale Installing monitoring software in the workplace sends the message to employees that the company does not trust them, according to research done under the aegis of professor Howard Besser while teaching at New York University. Giving employees responsibility, trust and respect boosts their morale and productivity. Showing them that they are not trusted and must be recorded decreases morale and worker productivity. This is true regardless of the actual reasons for installing monitoring software, according to the same research. Spam Spam refers to unwanted and unsolicited email messages. Spam is widespread and has negative impacts on business, according to the article Impact of Information Technology on Global Business published by Purdue University. Wading through spam email is a waste of time, and spam filters can only do so much. Users of spam filters must then check for necessary email messages diverted incorrectly as spam. Brick and Mortar The popularity of ecommerce has had a negative impact on brick-and-mortar retail stores. Smaller stores are finding more and more difficult to compete with both Internet businesses and larger retail stores. For example, small community bookstores must compete with Amazon. com as well as large stores such as Barnes ;amp; Noble that sell in person and online. Sometimes the smaller stores end up going out of business.

Analysis of the UN with Liberalism and Realism

Analysis of the UN with Liberalism and Realism Use Realism and Liberalism to Explain the United Nations system. Introduction Realism emphasizes the condition on politics imposed by human nature and the non-existent of international government. Together, they conceded international relations largely a realm of power and interest (Jack, 2000), and liberalism came under the influence of various intellectuals minds and believed that state and non-state actors are partner in the development process and based on democratic principles of a peaceful international order (Aneek, 2010). Thus, realism is a power theory to achieve objectives, and liberalism is balance power which appeared to be more optimistic and cooperative of nation-states. The existence of the United Nations in the international arena seems to become complexity argumentative. Its effectiveness is being constantly put under debates, with realists and liberals arguing in favor or against it, respectively. The United Nations emerged on 24 October, 1945, which is an international organization maintaining the world peace and security, and the key function of the United Nations is also to develop friendly relations, international economic, social, cultural problems, and so on. The realists’ emphasis on anarchy, it does not mean that they see the international system is falling into chaotic. On the contrary, liberally, they point to balance the power of actor in international affairs, as a source of order in the international system. Therefore, which one of the two ideologies is appropriated to explain the world politics in the world of 21st century? This term paper aims to answer two important questions of how Realism and Liberalism explain the UN system. By using the secondary data, mostly from research papers of scholars in the United State, England, Germany, and other discussed articles, the two theories: Realism and Liberalism are being used to explain the United Nation system by focusing on the actors of the UN and their interactions. This paper also aims to answer the research question on which one of them best describes the UN system by using our group’s opinions. Realism to explain the United Nations The Chair of P5’s power and right in UNSC Security Council in United Nations is composed of both permanent and non-permanent, elective members and headed by a president, an office that rotates among all member state. The permanent members include the P5 who are the great-victor of the World War II, while ten elected member are selected form and by the UNGA. The P5 possesses an absolute veto power over substantive UNSC decision and allows one member to kill UNSC actions, and could not be overridden. The current debate among governments about the right of veto resembles very much the debate. Many governments oppose the veto for its violation of the principle of sovereign equality among states (Bardo, 1998). For example, an outbreak of a chemical weapons attack carried out by the Syrian regime in 2013 and has heightened tensions internationally, but Russia and China who are the permanent members of UNSC do continue to support a regime. To Russia, there are two main reasons that led to Russia support to Syria because of Economic that Russia is the one of Syria’s biggest arms suppliers and one other is that Russia’s key policy goal is blocking the U.S’s action to shape the region. For China, has said foreign countries shouldnt meddle in Syrias internal affairs (Holly, 2013). In this case, to realist Russia and China are one of veto in UNSC agenda; they have played a vital role to support and veto the U.S to take any actions on the Syria for promote the security and human rights as pretenses. State’s Power and Interests To illustrate the strong involvement of the UNSC in some crisis that related to realism, Gulf crisis was the good one example to explain. We have to take a look on the resolutions of UN, but there were very soon doubts whether this was a real revival of UN that would be able to solve in the same manner future conflicts. Therefore, the goals of the U.S-Administration in the Middle East changed but the conditions, the allies and the possibilities to realize the interest of U.S were still in flow. After the end of the cold war, Iraqi aggression towards Kuwait, were one of the most remarkable points for revision of means and possibilities in order to create an interest for U.S- strategy. For the U.S administration the unity of the UN, made perfect by China’s decision not to oppose any step against Iraq, brought a big chance to counter the Iraqi aggression under the umbrella of the UN. Here we can see that UN acted as tools for U.S to invade the other country (Stephan, 2006). To co nclude, Realism with its emphasis on security completion and war among the great powers, as human being is thinking about self-interests more than others. Those permanents members in United Nations Security Council are also no exception. Accordingly, United Nations activities were largely shaped by national interests, values and power despite the UN being central to the maintenance of a viable international order and to the development of shared values, norms and standards (Suzanne, 2013). To realist powerful states as permanent members on UNSC rarely need International Organization as United Nations to achieve specific objectives. On the contrary, since turning to an international institution complicate policy-making and entails some loss of autonomy, the powerful to avoid such entanglements, especially in the pursuit of important national interests. Yet this is often not the case: even superpowers routinely channel coercion, including the use of force, through International Organizations despite viable alternatives that offer more flexibility and control-namely, unilateralism and ad hoc coalitions (Alexander, 2009). Liberalism explaining the United Nation system Liberal View of International Law International society consist of states that have, less or more, relations with one another. This relations form an international order which require the international law to create rules. By regulating the states, International law seeks to achieve the goal and value of international society. From liberal perspectives to international law view that international order is created from the bottom up. The processes that contribute to creation of international law begin with norms, moral, rules, and other code of conduct that voluntarily adopted by individual, community, and/or state who operate in an international society and working up through transnational and transgovernmental law to traditional public international law. The liberal approach ensure to avoid the state-centric power by keeping the state disciplined and provide the peaceful way to build the relations with one another. Mostly, International law was created to solve problem in relationship between states. Liberalists believe that those international problems have domestic roots. When individual and group preference different from the government preference the problem would likely to arise. The relation between state and society have a massive impact on international system, so the international law lie in domestic rule of law. Liberal view on Economic Interdependent The liberalists believe that economic interdependent leads to peaceful international relations because they understand the mutual benefit of trade. When the trade prosper, the tied between states are bond with economic dependency. In liberal states, military security is never always the most important point on the state agenda anyway. Economic interdependent increase the value of trade over war, so they interdependent state would prefer trade. Generally, war cost so much of the state resource, while trade gain material benefit. Those economic gains have a huge influence on the government’s foreign policy toward other state. It also influence the state decision to use military force. The differences between the world today and before World War II would owe to the contribution of the development of technologies which help facilitate the trading process between states. Back then, war seems to be the only means to gain interest, so the war could easily happen. But now, inexpensive fast, and reliable communication and transportation enable people to trade and gain interest, so people would prioritize trade over war. Sovereignty and equality International institutions and Laws have become more intrusive, while transnational civil society have become more active, and the central power of state have become less pronounced. This is the process of globalization. It have challenged state to compete with supranational, private, and local actor for the authority over the territory which used to be exclusively under the authority of state. Inequality is a serious problem for international system, especially in the United Nation, that has been wrongly neglected. As inequality intensified, state sovereignty would be in danger, if the United Nation fail to manage the world order. In international arena, normally, developing states are the weakest if we compare them to the developed state who long to exploit the developing state. The unite nation provides equal footing with the powerful state in many of the organs. As the policy making organ of the UN, United Nation General Assembly allow each state to have the power of equal vote and have a saying in un policy making process. One state one vote apply to all the member of the UN, regardless. Small states form groups to have the bargain power to achieve true multilateral world order. For example, the group of 77 was created with to promote the collective economic interest of developing states and improve the negotiating capacity in the United Nation. With now expanded to 13 3 members, the G77 play important roles to make sure that the resource in UN would equally applied to all the member. They have the collective power to set agenda to achieve the developing states interest rather than allow the developed state dominant in the Unite Nation system. Social and economic equality are protected by international law and institution who responsible for establishing a framework for economic cooperation and development for both developed state and developing state, equally. For the obvious example would be IMF and the World Bank. Analysis of Realism and Liberalism Regarding the emphasis on key actors and conceptions of Realism and Liberalism, each has its own strength and weakness in explaining the actors in UN system and their interactions. For realist’s view on states that they are the principal actors in the international system is somehow true. These can explain the UN system as its actor sought own interest and that the UN is just a marginal actor states can use for achieving its objective through ways including by using the UN to legitimate its actions, using veto power, contributing or reluctance of assisting the UN operation, and so on. In addition, it emphasizes on anarchy that state has its own interest and acquires as much as power through any means, particularly by competing with other states. Notably, realist concepts hold the principle of zero-sum game that has and will create a competitive future. Such competition is the impetus for state to balance the power and further implies that the international system is anarchic a nd conflictual which likely go to conflicts and wars (John, n.d.). However, it fails to explain the modern international system that economics is important. For instance, the Soviet leaders realized that pursuit of power cannot totally enhance the state security and believed that to cooperate with the west is the best way to achieve it (John, n.d.). Therefore, we can see that the Soviet Union since 1987 has changed its attitude in the UN by deterring from using its veto power for opposing the West to withdraw its troops from Afganistan, and end the Iraq-Iran War (Karen Margaret, n.d.). Further, Realism cannot explain how the UN can ensure peace and security in some cases by preventing interstate conflicts and explain why states come to cooperate one another in international organization and many regional integration to solve world conflicts and transnational problems. This is showing that state is no more anarchic but cooperative, and that non-state actors, in particular multi-diplomacy appears to be important in the international system. For instance, in the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, leaders of states were persuade to join with other nations to halt the destruction of natural resources and ensure the healthy planet for next generation (â€Å"TheWorldConferences,† 1997). However, liberalism can explain those that realism cannot. By not ignoring the emphasis on power of Realism, Liberalism seems to be very optimistic as the morality, ideology, emotion, cooperation are improved over Realism as the factors that shape the behavior and preference of states. It also doesn’t dismiss the national interests that states processes, but the interest for Liberalist is achieved by working together with other states through concerts and multilateralism rather than competing. In addition, instead of zero-sum game principle, Liberalism stressed more on win-win situation and this can further implies that liberalists tent to go to war less than realists. Liberalists also found it more effective to tie together politically and socially through trade, economics, and other exchange through international law and cope with democratic peace. However, it doesn’t mean that liberalist doesn’t at all use force; force is used for self-defense and especially i n case authorized by the UN as Woodrow Wilson send the American troops to Europe in efforts to make the world safe and as in case George W. Bush invade Iraq in part to foster democracy and peace (John, n.d.). These shows that UN has been a great place for cooperation among states, truly serving peace and security that is generally defined as the state’s national interest, and it appears that liberalism can better explain the UN system and today world’s politics. References Jack, D. (2000). Realism and International Relations. England: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. Aneek, C. (2010). International Relations Today: Concepts and Applications. India: Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd Bardo, F. (1998). UN Security Council Reform and the Right of Veto: A Constitutional Perspective. The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. Holly, Y. (2013, August 30). Syria allies: Why Russia, Iran and China are standing by the regime. Retrieved from website: http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/29/world/meast/syria-iran-china-russia-supporters/ Stephan, S. (2006). Gulf War II (1990/91) -Iraq between United Nations’ Diplomacy and United States’ Policy. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Suzanne, X. Y. (2013). China in UN Security Council decision-making on Iraq. Publisher: Routledge. Alexander, T. (2009). Channels of Power: The UN Security Council and U.S. Statecraft in Iraq. The United State: Cornell University Press. John, T. (n.d.). International Politics on the World State (12th ed.). Boston: Mc Graw Hill. John, J. (n.d.). Realism, the Real World, And the Academy. Retrieved from the website: http://mearsheimer.uchicago.edu/pdfs/A0029.pdf Karen, A. W., Margaret, P. K. (n.d.). The United Nations in the Post-Cold War Era (2nd ed.). George, A. L., Dilemmas In World Politics. Colorado: Westview Press. The World Conferences. (1997, May 23). Earth Summit: UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992) [Electronic Version]. Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html

Performance Of Professionally Developed And Undeveloped Teachers Education Essay

Performance Of Professionally Developed And Undeveloped Teachers Education Essay The professional development is an emerging area to increase the performance in different fields. The professional development of a teacher is the professional growth that he/she ac ­quires as a result of his/her experience and systematic analysis of his/her own practice and through participation in training activities. The purpose of this research was to compare the performance of professionally developed and undeveloped teacher and identification of significant professional development variables that can help the teachers to increase their performance. A convenient sample of 260 respondents (school teachers) from 49 secondary schools in 13 districts of Balochistan was taken to determine the major factors showing their effect on the overall performance of teachers. An instrument consisting of two parts, Part (A) (Professional Development of Teacher) and (B) (Performance Evaluation of Teacher), was used. All variables measured on likert scale. General Linear Model was used to find out the effect of training variables on the overall performance of teachers. The demographic characteristics of teachers with the interaction of professional development program variables were found significant in increasing the performance of teachers. This research study concludes that professionally developed secondary school teachers with new teaching methodologies, techniques, styles and new knowledge perform more as compare to those teachers who are professionally undeveloped or lack opportunities, interest or deliberately avoid participation in training activities. I am submitting my thesis on Comparison between performance of professionally developed and undeveloped teachers: A study of public sector secondary school of Balochistan, as a thesis. As per the requirements, the thesis includes problem statement, the primary data along with literature review, development and testing of hypotheses. By professional development we mean the professional growth that is result of experiences and practices teacher gains and performs during his/her job career in teaching profession. According to (Carlos Marcelo 2009) The professional development of teacher is the professional growth the teacher ac ­quires as a result of his/her experience and systematic analysis of his/her own practice. In developing country like Pakistan, teachers are the key source of knowledge and wisdom for students as according to (Willy L. Komba Emmanuel Nkumbi 2008) in most developing countries, education means teachers. Due to lack of teachers guides and essential texts, invariably, teachers are the key source of knowledge, skills, wisdom, appropriate orientations, inspiration and models for the students. As a consequence, the teacher is central in facilitating the processes that lead to meaningful education and pupils learning outcomes are affected by teacher quality. No one can deny the importance of trai ning due to resources and quality as (Abdul Ghani Bin Abdullah, Austin Machana Samupwa, and Naser Jamil Alzaidiyeen 2009) stated teacher training is important for two main reasons. Firstly, considering the vast resources which are being spent on education, and particularly training itself, it is essential to ensure that these financial resources are well utilized. Secondly, the quality and quantity of the output in the form of well educated students with good attitudes will determine the type of leadership, management and workforce Namibia will have in future. It has also been observed frequently that Personality and attitudes of teacher affects the individual performance as according to (Robbins, Millett, Cacioppe and Waters-Marsh 1998, p. 28) individual performance is moderated by the personality, values, attitudes and ability of the individual which, in combination, affect their perceptions and motivation, and ultimately influence individual performance. So, we can say that the Professional development is a body of systematic activities to prepare teachers for their job, including initial training, induction courses, in-service training, and continuous professional development within school settings. This research study has tried to put light on the education system of Pakistan. We have an inherited administrative setup from British India as (Dr. Saleha Parveen 2006) describes The history of a formal system of education in India starts when in 1813 according to the charter of East India Company; the responsibility of the education of the masses was taken over by the government. It was decided that out of the profit of the East India Company, not less than, amount of Rs. one lac annually will be spent on the literacy and educational activities of the Indian people. It was just a modest beginning on the part of the government to introduce a national system of education. However, from 1813 to 1854 nothing significant was done in the field of education till 1947. Pakistan came into being under the great leadership of Quaid-e- Azam Mohammad Ali Jinah on 14th August 1947 who viewed education as an instrument of socio economic change and it was later on endeavored that the education system must meet the brilliance of people and culture of nation according to his vision as (Meher Rizvi 2003) further described that since independence, it has been tried to relate the education system to the needs and inspirations of the country and for this purpose an Education Conference was arranged in 1947 according to the directives of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinah, who had provided the basic guidelines for the future development of education that the education system should/can suit the genius or brilliance of our people, our history, culture and encourage the highest sense of honor, integrity, responsibility, and selfless service to the nation. It should/can also provide scientific and technical knowledge to build up our economic life. The constitution of Pakistan 1973 also gives rights to Pakistani citizens to have education and bounds state to endeavor to remove illiteracy. The Constitution of Pakistan 1973 article 37 (b) (2004 p13) states that the state of Pakistan shall endeavor for removing illiteracy and providing free secondary education and article 38 (d) (2004 P 14) speaks of instilling moral values and of providing education to all citizens irrespective of gender, caste, creed, or race (Mahmood Salim Mahmood 2004). (Dawood Shah 2003 P-156) stated that various commissions followed it and submitted their reports periodically as report of the commission on national education of 1959 enjoyed a peculiar position in the history of educational reforms, many other commissions worked and submitted policy statements up to 1973 and many national education policies have been announced by the various successive governments after 1973 to 2009 but could not achieve the objectives. Every one of us is well aware that Pakistan had a weak educational setup at the time of independence in 1947. Illiteracy in the people was high due to insufficient numbers of educational institutions in Pakistan. We have an inherited administrative setup from British in 1947 and since then the system has tried to bring change with the help of administrative reforms but change of administrative structures did not take place completely. In Pakistan, mostly there is a centralized educational administration which is controlled by federa l ministry of education and provincial education departments are regulating the educational laws and policies at federal and provincial levels. Balochistan is one of four provinces of Pakistan and a backward but largest area with 43 percent of the countrys area. There are 26 districts and 86 union councils and it has 65 legislature seats. It (Balochistan) is a rich province with mineral resources and hot water in the shape of Gawadar Bay and deep sea port in Pakistan which needs developed workforce that can play an important role in having and using these resources accurately to make the province economically prosperous. The education sector is only one and most important sector, which can play its key role in the development of workforce through increasing the literacy rate of province. This research study tried to compare the performance of professionally developed and undeveloped teachers of public sector secondary school of Balochistan province of Pakistan where the high performing teachers satisfy the school administrator and student as well, but on other side poor performing teachers present the toughest challenge to s chool administrator. The poor performing teachers do not provide expected results even they distract others from doing their job properly. The unskilled behavior of these teachers de-motivates pupils and damages the school reputation. The aim of the study is to know about what makes a teacher to be a professional teacher and what makes a professional teacher to be an effective teacher who can show a sustainable professionalism in public sector secondary schools of Balochistan. The objective of this research is explained on page 6. It was significant to undertake a research to address the question of how professional development makes a teacher to be a productive and effective through his performance in real sense. The reasons for this research are highlighted in the contextual analysis, information about Pakistan, and government secondary education system in Balochistan. The mixed method of research was employed to achieve the research objectives. The data were analyzed through regression technique to explore the different dimensions of teachers professional development as well as performance in government secondary schools of Balochistan. It is anticipated that on the basis of the results of this analysis, policy makers and educational managers can be suggested to enhance professional development opportunities to teachers to improve their performance and quality of education in the province It was my personal interest to conduct the research on the situation of secondary school teachers professional developme nt because I personally belong to Balochistan province and being a teacher, I wanted to know the reality about school teachers level of professional development and their performance. The researcher conducted research in thirteen districts of Balochistan and the number of teachers who are respondents in this research study are 260. The majority of the respondents or teachers belong to rural area in this research study and they are as 53 respondents were from urban area and 207 respondents belonged to rural area. The majority of the respondents in this study are male teachers but the female teachers were tried to include at maximum. The male teachers are one hundred and ninety (190) where as the number of female teachers is seventy (70). 1.1 Statement of problem It has been observed that secondary education overall in Pakistan specifically in Balochistan has not achieved its standards whereby it could be compared to international secondary level education. A major factor in this low performance is schoolteachers professional development. 1.2 Objective The objective of this research is to compare the performance of professionally developed and undeveloped school teachers of public sector secondary schools of Balochistan and to find out the causes of high or low performance if any proved through this research study. 1.3 Research Scope and Limitations The scope of this research is to have proper and accurate information from the 13 districts which will represent the province consisting of 26 districts. 1. The respondents were randomly selected from the schools of 13 districts in Balchistan according to the convenience of the researcher. 2. The questionnaire was personally filled out by the researcher only from school teachers available in schools with the help of their principals and head masters as supervisor or administrator. 3. We felt difficulty in traveling to different districts situated in far flung areas of Balochistan during the severe cold season of winter included in the sample due to lack of time and resources. We faced a problem that some respondents did not respond properly due to unknown reasons. 4. We faced a problem of improper response from some respondents due to unknown reasons. 5. We felt it difficult to cover all districts of Balochistan for data collection due to shortage of time. It will be good for other research study to cover all districts of province if any takes place in future. 1.4 Thesis Structure This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 discusses the problem about which the research was carried out and in general about the education system of Pakistan. Chapter 2 is about the literature review and the theoretical background is developed. In Chapter 3, we describe the methodology adopted including sources of information and data collection methods are discussed. In chapter 4, the empirical data collected through questionnaire is analyzed and results are concluded on the basis of a survey. Conclusions are drawn and necessary recommendations are suggested in chapter 5. 1.5 Research Hypothesis H1: The participation in workshop is major factor which affects the overall performance of teacher. H2: The participation in seminar is major factor which affects the overall performance of teacher. H3: The participation in qualification or degree program is major factor which affects the overall performance of teacher. H4: The participation in observation visit of other schools is major factor which affects the overall performance of teacher. H5: The participation in network of trainers is major factor which affects the overall performance of teacher. H6: The participation in research is major factor which affects the overall performance of teacher. H7: The participation in mentoring or peer observation and coaching is major factor which affects the overall performance of teacher. H8: The higher professional qualification is major factor which affects the overall performance of teacher. H9: The higher academic qualification is major factor which affects the overall performance of teacher. H10: Gender as a respondent is major factor who is compared on the basis of overall performance. H11: District is factor which is compared on the basis of overall performance. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Different researchers have defined and clarified Training according to their understanding to achieve the research objectives. Pakistan like other countries of the world is trying to change its education system to survive. With the start of new millennium, many countries in the world are engaged in educational reforms. One of the key elements in these reforms is professional development of teachers; countries in the world have acknowledged that teachers need to be changed in order to improve education systems because they are the most significant change agents in these educational reforms. This role of teachers as change agent in educational reforms makes the field of teachers professional development an important area, and has received specific attention during the past few years as (Carlos Marcelo 2009) said The professional development of teach ­ers includes all the experiences of natural learning as well as the more planned and conscious ones which try, both directly and indire ctly, to benefit individuals, groups or schools and which contribute improving the quality of education in the class room. It is the process by which teachers, whether alone or accompanied, review, renew and further their commitment as agents of change, with moral teaching aims. Moreover, they acquire and develop knowledge, competencies and emotional intelligence that are essential to professional thinking, planning and practice with children, adolescents and colleagues throughout each stage of their teaching lives. It has also been tried first of all to define and understand the term professional development that comes through teachers training for the comparison of school teachers performance as According to (Thomas N Garavan, Carole Hogan, Amanda.Chir and ODonel-Chir 2006 p20), Training is a systematic process through which an employee is helped or facilitated to master defined tasks or competencies for a definite purpose. In teaching seven steps and the required skills may be su ggested for effective teaching as follows: Preparation for instruction (Organizational skills); Motivation (Communication skills); Presentation of the learning task (Focus skill); Inducement of the trial response (Feedback skill); Correction of the trial response (Questioning skill); Fixation of response (Closure skill); and Test response (Evaluation skill) Even though the enumerated skills are interdependent; one is as effective alone as it is when combined with others (A.A ADEDIDURA and BADA TAYO 2007 P-166). (Cheryl Kariuki 2009 p1-9) defined that Professional development for teachers is the range of formal and informal processes and activities that teachers engage in both inside and outside of the school in order to improve their teaching knowledge and skills. As (DEECD Victoria 2005) said that the vision must be recognized about professional teacher who has required updating his or her knowledge and skills consciously and continuously due to new knowledge as a response to new research and emerging needs not only changing world about learning and teaching taking place. Development is considered as a learning process for teacher which continues from his entry in the teaching profession to retirement as (GUSKEY and HUBERMAN 1995) stated, Professional development can also be viewed as a dynamic process that spans ones entire career in the profession, from preparation and induction to completion and retirement. Effective professional development program plays key role in teachers learning and satisfaction and it needs proper evaluation of program. The effective evaluation of any professional development activity needs to incorporate five levels of investigation. The first level of evaluation examines participants general satisfaction levels wi th the logistics and organization of the professional development activity. In evaluating the second level, participants learning, evaluators assess whether or not participants have achieved an understanding of the knowledge and skills (general content) of the professional development session. The third level, organization support and change, examines whether organizational policies or practices may undermine or support the implementation of the professional learning. Because of this, the deconstruction of the local and/or national environment (context) is essential to determining whether or not the content or processes involved with the professional development activity can actually be achieved or implemented. The fourth level of evaluation, participants use of new knowledge and skills, is focused on whether or not the professional learning actually made a difference in participants professional practice. The goal of the final level of evaluation, student learning outcomes, is inte nded to evaluate whether or not the professional learning activity benefited students in any way (Dawn C. Wallin, Phyllis Hildebrandt and Sakil Malik 2008). The professional development is right of teachers and there must be equal opportunity concept for distribution of rights such as teachers in urban areas get few professional development opportunities as compare to teachers from the rural areas which show little bit sense of discrimination and a denial to equal opportunity concept as (Suleyman Sadi 2001 p117) in his research study said, The results show that rural schoolteachers have been less fortunate in having access to in-service training activities than urban schoolteachers.(Dr.Nabi Bux Jumani 2007) said the quality and the level of excellence in education depend upon the quality and competence of teachers. The competent teacher is possible through a careful program of teacher training. A teacher is trained in both theory and practice and it becomes essential that training should equip them to do a challenging job. Good teaching also includes teachers style because he is performing a role of manager when he sets learning activities and he manages the classroom as (Shaukat Hussain 2004 P-20) described that teaching style is a complex amalgam of belief, attitude, strategy, technique, motivation, personality and control. Teaching style lies at the heart of the interpersonal relationships between teaching and learners. However a basic set of factors lies behind teaching style. These relate to; Attitudes towards knowledge and learning. Preferred means of maintaining control over learners. Preferred ways of organizing class activities. Positive and negative feelings about the teaching itself. Beliefs about the purpose of education in general. Influences from within the teachers role set. Beliefs about the best ways of learning. Attitudes towards the learners. We always demand teacher to give good teaching in school but for a good teaching, teacher needs some autonomy that will surely help him to give quality in classroom ultimately leads to students achievement as (Bill Mulford P-17 2003) described Conferring professional autonomy to teachers will enhance the attractiveness of the profession as a career choice and will improve the quality of the classroom teaching practice. The sophisticated pedagogies and technology makes him effective in the teaching career of a teacher. (Thomas R. Guskey 1986) said that teaching profession needs a complete, specific and significant change in attitude of teacher through Professional development as is claimed to bring change in teachers attitudes is linked

Gaining a “sense of the arts” through music Essay -- Music, Language

Gaining a â€Å"sense of the arts† through music The arts are forms of personal and social expression. They stimulate imagination, thinking, thinking, and understanding. The arts are fundamental in the development of children, who can feel as well as think, and who are sensitive and creative. In early childhood education children identify and express the feelings and ideas in different forms such as music, dance, drama, and visual arts. This essay highlights the key ideas of how young children between the ages of three to five make sense through art such as music. Furthermore, this essay makes links to early childhood curriculum as a bicultural perspective. It concludes with the role of teachers and adults in providing support during music. Art as music Music is a unique way of making sense of sound. It is also a way of knowing how children see the world, express their views and how they come to know the world. Feeney et al, (2006) emphasises that arts such as music help children to develop their senses and they are essential part of children’s growing up. Listening to music is fundamental to all forms of music-making and musical experience. To hear music is relatively easy, provided no physical barriers exist. However, to listen to music with understanding and comprehension requires repeated exposure and guided learning. The ability to listen with understanding and comprehension enhances all learning activities, and should therefore become an integral part of early childhood learning centres. Developing this ability at such a young age will have long-term benefits for a life-long learning program. Many musical activities require children to wait their turn, listen to each other, hold their instrument still until they h... ...vidually and in groups, provides opportunities for purposeful contributions† (MOE, 1996, p. 96). One of the main responsibilities of teachers is to facilitate creativity and not to limit or extinguish the natural talent of children. For example, as teachers we should move with children, so that they learn to move their bodies to the rhythm of the music. As teachers we should encourage with words such as: â€Å"you are a good singer† Or â€Å"do you like this music?† (Brownlee, 1991). Conclusion It is extremely important for teachers to motivate and encourage children to be involved through the arts. Additionally, teachers should stimulate children’s reflective thinking. Moreover, professional development is extremely important for teachers. Teachers can participate in programs to learn the techniques of an arts-integrated approach to education. (1343 words)

William Blake Essay -- Biographies Art Poetry Literature Papers

William Blake Romantic Poetry has been written since the late seventeen hundreds up past the first reform bill passed in 1832. There were many romantic poets in the Romantic Era, many who have touched the hearts of many readers and still do till this day. William Blake was one of the first English Romantic poets to exist. This paper focuses on some of the history of William Blake’s life, William Blake as a Romantic Poet, and some songs from two of his famous books, "The Songs of Innocence" and "The Songs of Experience". Included in this paper are some of William Blake’s fabulous art creations, I also have a personal interpretation of some of his poems. To view the poem just simply click on the title of the poem and you will have full access to the plate that the poem was printed on. When finished with this paper click on the hyperlinks found in my bibliography and you will have instant access to the world of William Blake. BIOGRAPHY William Blake was born on November 28, 1757; he was the first of the great English Romantic poets as well as a painter, engraver and printer. William Blake was the third son of a London hosier, he was brought up in a poor house hold and had very little schooling. "Blake lived in or near to London, a city which dominates much of his work, whether as the nightmare 'London' of the Songs of Experience, or the London which Blake saw as the 'New Jerusalem', the kingdom of God on earth." Blake obtained most of his education through readings of the Bible, of Milton and Greek and Latin classic literature. "Blake is frequently referred to as a mystic, but this is not really accurate. He deliberately wrote in the style of the Hebrew prophets and envisioned his works as expressions of proph... ... wrote the sequel The Songs of Experience. He wrote The Songs of Experience to demonstrate that, reality brings on experience. I hope that after reading this paper and browsing through the hyperlinks included, you know understand how William Blake’s poems and artwork tie into one another and why he is one of the greatest Romantic poets that has ever lived. BIBLIOGRAPHY Timeline of Blake's Life, Art and Literary Work http://camel2.conncoll.edu/ccacad/english/Blake/timeline.html The Blake WEB By: David W. Downie http://198.247.176.53/ The Poets Corner http://www.geocities.com/~spanoudi/poems/blake01.html The William Blake Page http://members.aa.net/~urizen/blake_text.html The William Blake Web Museum http://sunsite.sut.ac.jp/wm/paint/auth/blake/ The Time Line of William Blake http://camel2.conncoll.edu/ccacad/english/blake/timeline.html

An Excuse for Hate :: essays papers

An Excuse for Hate There are many people in this world today who feel that prejudice is a regular part of life that must be dealt with along with getting up for work, and taking out the garbage. However, what people do not realize is that prejudice is on the rise in our society, and has been for centuries. There are numerous reasons that people choose to have prejudices against others. Many people don’t want to rock the boat, so they just look the other way, and pretend that nothing is going on. Although these people usually do not have any direct participation in outward prejudice, their neglect of the situation causes a definite harm. Others are ignorant and uneducated when it comes to things that are different from them, and as a result they make up their own stereotypes, and misconceptions, about people that they don’t even know. Not only has prejudice been a dilemma in the past, but also it seems to be a growing trend among the countries of the world today. The people of society who choose not to get involved in the fight against prejudice usually do so out of fear. They fear that if they speak out then they will be shunned for making things difficult for those who share their prejudice openly. In The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas, written by Ursula K. Le Guin, this is demonstrated beautifully when a boy is kept away from society because he is different from all the others who live there. The people of the city refuse to bring the boy into society because â€Å"if it were done, in that day and hour all the prosperity and beauty and delight of Omelas would wither and be destroyed.† (Le Guin, p.971) Some of the people who have seen the boy, disagree with what the other citizens of Omelas are doing to him so they leave the city, and never look back. But, they leave without saying, or doing, anything to help the poor boy who is left behind to suffer in the discrimination of the town. This is also shown in the movie Quigley Dow n Under when a man, Quigley, is almost killed for defending the rights of Aborigine Indians in Australia. He sees that they are clearly victims of prejudice, and decides to help them overcome their oppression.

Supporting A Family

Due to the present economy, individuals must have a varied career in order to support their families above the poverty line. While this can provide an individual with a stressful existence it also provides them with the ability to become a stronger person from within. Companies are resorting to part-time employees in order to cut overhead costs. With a company resorting to part-time workers they can cut the cost of having benefits as well as lower wages. For the worker this begins a long week of working up to seven days just to obtain the typical 40 hours. This is an exhausting endeavor. This increases the amount of time a child must spend in daycare which in turn increases the costs concerned with the day care center. The parent feels that they are almost always on the go just to support their family. Unfortunately this takes time away from the family. It also increases the family cost, as they must shoulder the burden of paying for medical and dental costs. A positive aspect to having a varied career is the learned ability to become competent in many positions. This allows the individual a wider range in possible jobs. From a personal viewpoint this can and will provide the individual with a greater self-worth. Sometimes this inability to obtain permanent work with result in an individual going back to school. This would be to obtain the necessary degree that would result in a better or more secure employment position. I am personally in this category. I have decided after 10 years of being in the work world to return to school. During those 10 years I worked at least 5 different jobs. This was defiantly not rewarding to my self-esteem and to my family as they have had to cope with poverty. I have returned to school so that I may provide my family with enough funds to raise them above the poverty level and to provide myself with job security. The way that the current economy works seems to benefit the employer not the employee. I hope that the future will provide more for the worker with job security. The ability to have a single rewarding lifelong career seems to have been lost within the system.

Operations Management at Bajaj

Markets Motorcycles Overall Two-wheeler gross gross gross revenue of Indian players is masterd by the domestic commercialize and, within it, by cycles. by and by growing at a crafty clip from the late 1990s, motorcycle sales witnessed a 7. 8% drop in volume in 2007-08, due to falling domestic demand as a result of rising interest place and many private sector banks bring down their retail lending exposures. 2008-09 saw a modest increase in motorcycle sales of 4%, driven mostly by growth in bullion sales. Even so, sales of motorcycles (both domestic and exports) in 2008-09 has been lower than what it was in 2006-07, before the slowdown hit this sector. ABOUT BAJAJ-The group comprises of 34 companies and was founded in the course of instruction 1926. The groups flagship company, Bajaj railcar, is ranked as the worlds fourth longst two- and troika- wheeler manufacturer and the Bajaj taint is well-known across several countries in Latin America, Africa, Middle East, s ulphur and South East Asia. Founded in 1926, at the extremum of Indias movement for independence from the British, the group has an famous history. The integrity, dedication, resourcefulness and determination to succeed which atomic number 18 characteristic of the group today, are often traced back to its birth during those days of dismal devotion to a common cause.Motorcycles internal Sales for Bajaj elevator car The company classifies motorcycles into three segments, based on consumer categories and approximate impairment points. These are a) Entry segment. These are typically blow cc motorcycles at a price point in the vicinity of Rs. 35,000. Bajaj gondolaDespite the slight uptick in the industrys sales volume, Bajaj railroad car did not introduce volume growth, for reasons that will be discussed beneath. From 1. 66 trillion motorcycles in 2007-08, the companys domestic sales fell by 23% to 1. 28 million units in 2008-09. Some of this was compensated by a 31% i ncrease in exports to 631,383 units. simply it was not enough. Consequently, Bajaj gondolas market helping(domestic and exports, combined) fell from 32. 7% in 2007-08 to 28% in 2008-09. b) Executive segment. This largely comprises snow cc to cxxxv cc motorcycles, priced between Rs. 40,000 to Rs. 50,000. We arein this segment with two brands XCD and Discoer. c) Performance segment. These are sleek, high performance, with price points in otiose of Rs. 50,000. We are present here with our flagship brand, the Pulsar, and our cruiser, the Avenger. We dominate this space, with a domestic market share in excess of 47%. utilize the three-fold classification described above, Chart plots Bajaj Autos domestic sales of motorcycles over 2008-09. pic Products Avenger Avenger 200 DTS-i Pulsar Pulsar 135 DTS-i Pulsar 220 DTS-i Pulsar 180 DTS-i Pulsar 150 DTS-i grip Discover 135 DTS-i Discover DTS-i Platina Platina 125 Platina 100 cc NINJA Ninja 250 R operations Plants Bajaj Autos vehicle manuf acturing electrical capacity stands at 3. 96 million units comprising 3. 6 million two-wheelers and 360,000 three-wheelers. The newest lay out at Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) has a capacity to set out 900,000 two-wheelers. Table gives the capacity data. picPantnagar Bajaj Autos production at its state of the art Pantnagar build (Uttarakhand) has been on the rise. In 2007-08, the plant produced 276,925 motorcycles. This change magnitude by 15% to 318,321 vehicles in 2008-09. By end-2008-09, Pantnagar was producing some 40,000 motorcycles per month. To maximise the tax benefits available at Uttarakhand, the company is modify some of its more than profitable products to the Pantnagar plant. later the shift of these products, the plant is expected to produce around 60,000 vehicles by the third arse of 2009-10. Table gives the data on which products are manufactured in what plant. pic MAJOR SUPPIERS SUPPLIERS part USHA PISTONS,RINGS ROLON CHAIN,CHAIN SPROCKET ENDURANCE FORKS, SHOCKERS,RIMS,ALLOY-WHEELS PRICOL METER storage locker MINDA LOCKS ,HORNS,SWITCHES LUMAX LAMPS SUNDARAM FASTENERS KBX DISK BRAKE PADS BOSCH SPARK PLUGS EXIDE BATTERIES MRF TYRES bring out Chain Bajaj Autos offer chain encompasses the process from vendors to the final customers via manufacturing. Therefore, the keep companys add chain involves as much the vendors and the procurement-to-payment logistics, as it does the manufacturing to selling process, or the order to cash system. Given below are some of the key supply chain initiatives of Bajaj Auto. Vendors Most of the fraternitys vendor initiatives, including the Pantnagar operations and TPM have been discussed earlier.What postulate to be emphasised is that the 16 vendors cluster within the campus of Bajaj Autos Pantnagar plant were a part of a plan process of project development where the vendors were richly integrated with the plant, starting with basic nude materials, automated paint, plating and powder practical application plants. This has ensured that the maximum possible value step-up is done within Uttarakhand, so as to maximise the tax advantage and drop Bajaj Autos motorcycles even more cost competitive. Initial facilities created by vendors at Pantnagar at an aggregate investment of Rs. 5 billion (Rs. 500 crore) are for fractional million motorcycles per year, which will be increased with balancing investments to roduce one million motorcycles per year to synchronise with the Companys plans. Dealers Bajaj Auto has adopted a channel indemnity approach which is unique in the automobile industry. This policy and its linked initiatives are steer by the requirements of specific sets of the Companys final customers. 1. The Primary Channel This comprises 408 easy lay two-wheeler studyers, 75 exclusive three-wheeler dealers, and 98 dealers who deal in both product categories. Bajaj Auto has followed a policy of systematic profits consolidation, in which the primary dealer ships have been presumptuousness a larger scale and reach to operate based on their strengths. 2. The indirect Channel Much of Bajaj Autos recent success can be attri only whened to policy of rapidly adding to the number of lower-ranking outlets, which provide sales, service and spares support in the vast hinterland of India. These are in the form of 1,500 Authorised assistance Centres (ASC), 4,500 clownish Service Outlets (RSO), and 750 Young Engineer Service (YES) centres in the towns and cities. 3. The Rural India Foray The Company has been aggressively pursuing initiatives to increase two-wheeler perceptivity in rural India. A large number of rural outlets were added to the network during the year, which not only increased hinterland sales but also gave additional physical exercise in the rural sector. 4. Pro-biking This initiative sits remote away from the rural India play but is no less important.Bajaj Auto believes that new-made India doesnt pay to profane motorc ycles it pays to buy excitement and exhilaration. The Pro-biking initiative, which was kicked off with the inauguration of initiatory store in Pune in alarming 2005, aims precisely at creating this thrill. Owned and operated by Bajaj Auto, Pro-biking showrooms are now operational in Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad. AUTOMOBILE BAJAJ Assignment on Operations Management Prasad T. P. FN-105 Mahesh R. FK-1895 Jijo Lukose FN-77 Deepu P. FK-1905 Abinash Nanda FK-2010 Anoop B. FK-2005 Manu Korah Mathew Athul Raj Vyshakh P. R. FK-1919 Balaji Vinay Singh FK-1883 PRasad